O interior da Nebulosa de Órion visto pelo instrumento NIRCam do Telescópio Espacial James Webb. Esta é uma imagem composta de vários filtros representando emissões de gás ionizado, gás molecular, hidrocarbonetos, poeira e luz estelar espalhada. A mais notável é a Orion Bar, uma parede de gás e poeira espessa que vai do canto superior esquerdo ao canto inferior direito nesta imagem, que contém a estrela brilhante θ2 Orionis A. A cena é iluminada por um grupo de estrelas massivas jovens e quentes (conhecidas como Aglomerado do Trapézio) logo no canto superior direito da imagem. Os fortes e severos raios UV da matriz Trapezium criam um ambiente ionizante quente no canto superior direito, corroendo lentamente a barra Orion. Partículas e poeira podem sobreviver por mais tempo no ambiente protegido fornecido pela fita densa, mas a explosão de energia estelar esculpe uma região exibindo uma riqueza surpreendente de filamentos, glóbulos e estrelas jovens com discos e cavidades. Crédito: NASA, ESA, CSA, Redução e Análise de Dados: Equipe PDRs4All ERS; S. Fuenmayor . processamento gráfico
Novas imagens da Web revelam uma visão incrível da Nebulosa de Órion
“We are blown away by the breathtaking images of the Orion Nebula. We started this project in 2017, so we have been waiting more than five years to get these data,” said Western astrophysicist Els Peeters.
These images have been obtained as part of the Early Release Science program Photodissociation Regions for All (PDRs4All ID 1288) on JWST. Co-led by Peeters, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) scientist Olivier Berné, and Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS) associate professor Emilie Habart, PDRs4All is an international collaboration that involves a team of more than one hundred scientists in 18 countries. Other Western University astrophysicists involved in PDRs4All include Jan Cami, Ameek Sidhu, Ryan Chown, Bethany Schefter, Sofia Pasquini, and Baria Kahn.
Young star with disk inside its cocoon: Planet forming disks of gas and dust around a young star. These disks are being dissipated or “photo-evaporated” due to the strong radiation field of the nearby stars of the Trapezium creating a cocoon of dust and gas around them. Almost 180 of these externally illuminated photoevaporating disks around young stars (aka Proplyds) have been discovered in the Orion nebula, and HST-10 (the one in the picture) is one of the largest known. The orbit of Neptune is shown for comparison.
Filaments: The entire image is rich in filaments of different sizes and shapes. The inset here shows thin, meandering filaments that are especially rich in hydrocarbon molecules and molecular hydrogen.
θ2 Orionis A: The brightest star in this image is θ2 Orionis A, a star that is just bright enough to be seen with the naked eye from a dark location on Earth. Stellar light that is reflecting off dust grains causes the red glow in its immediate surroundings.
Young star inside globule: When dense clouds of gas and dust become gravitationally unstable, they collapse into stellar embryos that gradually grow more massive until they can start nuclear fusion in their core – they start to shine. This young star is still embedded in its natal cloud.
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Data reduction and analysis: PDRs4All ERS Team; graphical processing S. Fuenmayor & O. Berné
“These new observations allow us to better understand how massive stars transform the gas and dust cloud in which they are born,” said Peeters. She is a Western astronomy professor and faculty member at the Institute for Earth and Space Exploration.
“Massive young stars emit large quantities of ultraviolet radiation directly into the native cloud that still surrounds them, and this changes the physical shape of the cloud as well as its chemical makeup. How precisely this works, and how it affects further star and planet formation is not yet well known.”
The newly released images reveal numerous spectacular structures inside the nebula, down to scales comparable to the size of the Solar System.
“We clearly see several dense filaments. These filamentary structures may promote a new generation of stars in the deeper regions of the cloud of dust and gas. Stellar systems already in formation show up as well,” said Berné. “Inside its cocoon, young stars with a disk of dust and gas in which planets form are observed in the nebula. Small cavities dug by new stars being blown by the intense radiation and stellar winds of newborn stars are also clearly visible.”
Proplyds, or ionized protoplanetary disks, consist of a central protostar surrounded by a disk of dust and gas in which planets form. Scattered throughout the images are several protostellar jets, outflows, and nascent stars embedded in dust.
“We have never been able to see the intricate fine details of how interstellar matter is structured in these environments, and to figure out how planetary systems can form in the presence of this harsh radiation. These images reveal the heritage of the interstellar medium in planetary systems,” said Habart.
Orion Nebula: JWST versus Hubble Space Telescope (HST): The inner region of the Orion Nebula as seen by both the Hubble Space Telescope (left) and the James Webb Space Telescope (right). The HST image is dominated by emission from hot ionized gas, highlighting the side of the Orion Bar which is facing the Trapezium Cluster (off the top right of the image). The JWST image also shows the cooler molecular material that is slightly further away from the Trapezium Cluster (compare the location of the Orion Bar relative to the bright star θ2 Orionis A for example). Webb’s sensitive infrared vision can furthermore peer through thick dust layers and see fainter stars. This will allow scientists to study what is happening deep inside the nebula.
Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, PDRs4All ERS Team; image processing Olivier Berné.
Credit for the HST image: NASA/STScI/Rice Univ./C.O’Dell et al. – Program ID: PRC95-45a. Technical details: The HST image used WFPC2 mosaic. This composite image uses [OIII] (azul), hidrogênio ionizado (verde) e [NII] (vermelho).
Evolução analógica
A Nebulosa de Órion há muito é considerada um ambiente semelhante ao Berço do Sistema Solar (quando se formou há mais de 4,5 bilhões de anos). É por isso que os cientistas hoje estão interessados em observar a Nebulosa de Órion. Eles esperam entender, por analogia, o que aconteceu durante o primeiro milhão de anos de evolução do nosso planeta.
Como os núcleos de berçários estelares como a Nebulosa de Órion são obscurecidos por grandes quantidades de poeira estelar, é impossível estudar o que acontece dentro deles em luz visível com telescópios como telescópio espacial Hubble. Webb detecta um arquivo luz infravermelha do cosmos, permitindo que os astrônomos vejam essas camadas de poeira e detectem o movimento que ocorre nas profundezas da nebulosa.
O interior da Nebulosa de Órion visto pelo Telescópio Espacial Spitzer (à esquerda) e pelo Telescópio Espacial James Webb (à direita). Ambas as imagens foram gravadas usando um filtro particularmente sensível às emissões de poeira de hidrocarbonetos que brilha por toda a imagem. Esta comparação mostra de forma impressionante o quão incrivelmente precisas as imagens do Webb são comparadas ao seu precursor infravermelho, o Telescópio Espacial Spitzer. Isso é imediatamente evidente a partir dos filamentos complexos, mas os olhos afiados de Webb também nos permitem distinguir melhor as estrelas dos glóbulos e discos protoplanetários.
Crédito da imagem NIRCam: NASA, ESA, CSA, PDRs4All ERS Team; Processamento de imagem por Olivier Bernet.
Crédito da imagem do Spitzer: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Meggeth (Universidade de Toledo, Ohio)
Detalhes técnicos: A imagem do Spitzer mostra luz infravermelha de 3,6 mícrons capturada pela câmera de matriz infravermelha Spitzer (IRAC). A imagem JWST mostra luz infravermelha a 3,35 μm que foi capturada pelo JWST NIRCam. Os pixels pretos são artefatos causados pelos detectores sendo saturados com estrelas brilhantes.
“Observar a Nebulosa de Órion tem sido um desafio porque é muito brilhante para os dispositivos sensíveis sem precedentes do Webb. Mas o Webb é incrível, o Webb também pode observar galáxias distantes e fracas.”[{” attribute=””>Jupiter and Orion, which are some of the brightest sources in the infrared sky,” said Berné.
At the heart of the Orion Nebula is the ‘trapezium cluster’ (also known as Theta Orionis), which was discovered by Galileo. It contains young massive stars whose intense ultraviolet radiation shapes the cloud of dust and gas. Understanding how this intense radiation impacts their surroundings is a key question in understanding the formation of stellar systems like our own solar system.
“Seeing these first images of the Orion Nebula is just the beginning. The PDRs4All team is working hard to analyze the Orion data and we expect new discoveries about these early phases of the formation of stellar systems,” said Habart. “We are excited to be part of Webb’s journey of discoveries.”
Webb is the most powerful space telescope ever created in human history. It was developed in partnership with NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and boasts an iconic 6.5-meter-wide mirror, consisting of a honeycomb-like pattern of 18 hexagonal, gold-coated mirror segments and a five-layer, diamond-shaped sunshield the size of a tennis court. As a partner, CSA receives a guaranteed share of Webb’s observation time, making Canadian scientists some of the first to study data collected by the most advanced space telescope ever constructed.